|
Global problems and education systems
E.V.Evreinov
PhD, Grand PhD, Prof.
Introduction.
Last years alongside with the decision of applied and fundamental
problems interest to statement and the formulation of a class of very
complex and vital problems which have received the name " Global Problems " began
to be shown. About existence of such problems and utility of their decision
for mankind it was known for a long time. For the first time academician
Semenov has approached to allocation of similar problems in a special
category with the purpose of their decision in the beginning of the fiftieth
years. It has named them " Wild Problems " as on its preliminary
researches for their decision at that time it has not appeared available
neither mathematical methods, nor computing means. It also has come out
with the assumption, that for the decision of such problems it is necessary
to search for essentially new ideas of processing of the information.
Under offer Semenov in 1959 for the decision of these problems in Siberian
Branch AN of the USSR in structure of Institute of Mathematics the branch
of perspective researches for creation of computing systems of ultrahigh
productivity and computing methods has been formed. The created Problem
Advice (Supervisors of studies: academician Sobolev S.L. and the Winner
of the Lenin Premium Evreinov E.V.) has discussed the basic problems
of creation of computing systems with participation of academicians and
visible scientists and has approved the plan of perspective researches for
the ten years' period. By the end of this period it was possible to solve
theoretically and to confirm experimentally an opportunity of creation of
computing methods, algorithms and systems for the decision of "Wild Problems".
These works have
appeared the first scientific researches which have opened essentially
new ways for the decision of problems of ultrahigh complexity. They have
begun creation of parallel methods and means of processing of the information,
received through 20 - 30 years a wide circulation
Published first clauses,
the monograph, magazine both the lead first seminars and conferences
promoted creation of hundreds centers and scientific schools in many countries
of the world. The offered concepts, terms and words began to be used widely
in the scientific literature. To them concern: parallel processing of
the information, parallel methods of calculations and the algorithms, the
parallel programming, the distributed computing systems, homogeneous parallel
computing systems, computing structures, computing environments and others.
As a result of researches it was found out, that parallel processing of
the information can and should be applied in all spheres of activity of
a society, and process of transition to use of such technologies began to
refer to as information. In the practical plan, owing to use of the theory
of parallel calculations, computing systems from ten thousand in parallel
working computers with the productivity proportional to number of machines
are created and system engineering from one million computers are conducted.
Structural
cellular models of calculations have appeared convenient for construction
of communication systems with high throughput, power systems of the big
capacity, scale man -machine systems of various purpose, planetary scientific
institutes. An example of last type of systems was creation of the International
Academy of Informatization on in the General Consultative state in structure
of the United Nations. This Academy is constructed on the basis of information-cellular
model which has been offered by Professors Usvishin I.I. and Evreinov
E.V. It consists of the big number of the independent national academies
incorporated by cellular information communications.
The saved up experience
of application of structural model of parallel calculations for the decision
of large economic and scientific problems has allowed to draw a conclusion
that the first important step in transition from fundamental problems
to a class of Global Problems (Wild Problems) is made.
This conclusion has
been received after comprehension of results of the decision of one of
three major problems of cybernetics: creation of system of potentially unlimited
productivity for the decision of global problems.
Using such system, it
is possible to solve any problem if for it it is possible to give the
strict description and to find corresponding methods and algorithms of calculations.
In other words, if the problem is formulated in the form of a computing
problem such problem can be solved by means of the parallel computing
system having potentially unlimited productivity. It has appeared, that
difficulties of the decision of Global Problems are connected from them
the formulation and development of methods of the decision.
This process
is creative, it does not manage while to be formalized and it is realized
by the person. Last years in connection with activity of the United Nations
there were problems which under their appendix to objects have global
character. Here far incomplete list of such problems: Human rights, the
International Terrorism, the Food programme, the Environment, Steady Development,
Global and National Safety and others.
These problems are not solved yet
and, despite of significant expenses of human and material resources,
are far from their decision.
It leads to the offer on necessity to pay special
attention on system of preparation of experts for the decision of Global
Problems.
At the analysis of experience of the successful decision of
the first global problem led creation of the theory of construction of
parallel systems unlimited (potentially) of productivity, it was found
out, that leading experts have been compelled to get fundamental preparation
not in one narrow area, and in many fields of knowledge.
Thus it was found
out, the more extensively area of fundamental preparation of the expert,
so much the better for him to expect his successes in the decision
of a problem, certainly in a combination to natural abilities more.
With
participation of representatives of Secretary of the United Nations the
created special Committee has considered and has approved the program
and a technique of preparation of experts of the top skills for the decision
of Global Problems.
On the basis of these materials under a scientific
management of the author the Global Education systems which feature
is introduction of the program of fundamental preparation of the expert
in very wide field of knowledge with award of the highest scientific
degree in the world has been developed: Grand Doctor of Philosophy.
Presence
and realization of the Global Education system, an opportunity of application
in practice of parallel computing systems create real preconditions for
the successful decision of global problems.
Global Problems.
Global Problems are characterized by several important properties. The
decision of any of them opens new ways for development of a society and
leads to statement of a lot of new fundamental problems which in turn
generate applied with the important practical appendix. Global problems
are characterized by ultrahigh complexity and represent almost insuperable
difficulties on a way of their decision. For example, three major problems
of cybernetics put almost fifty years ago about construction of artificial
self-generating systems, adaptive systems and systems with unlimited productivity
have appeared so difficult, that only last from them has received the theoretical
decision with practical acknowledgement. Difficult for the practical decision
global problems of the United Nations are same. For the decision of global
problems experts of such high qualification which cannot be provided by
traditional education systems are required. Have not received also due development
mathematical and means, which theory of construction it has been developed
specially for the decision of Global Problems. Than basic difficulties which
arise at the decision of global problems speak? It is the easier for presenting
at transition to their computing models. Each problem can be estimated
by quantity of units of the information and number of carried out operations
for its decision. On these parameters the problems belonging to type
of applied, fundamental or global problems, can reach any, as much as high
complexity. The basic difference consists in character of information
connectivity of problems, in other words, in an opportunity of representation
of a solved problem in the form of a set of more simple independent problems.
According to this criterion the applied problem can be presented by a set
untied among them more simple problems.
The fundamental problem concerns
to a class of weak-coupled problems for which exist mathematical methods
of elimination of these links. The global problem concerns to a class of
strongly-coupled problems for which there are no methods of elimination
of links between problems. It is interesting to note, that from philosophical
positions it was necessary to expect occurrence of problems with such properties,
otherwise there would be possible to cognize all laws of the world surrounding
us for a final interval of time that contradicts the saved up experience
in knowledge of laws of the nature. From here follows, that methods of elimination
of communications in strongly-coupled problems will be never found, and
each such problem needs to be considered as a unit. With growth of quantity
of the information the volume of calculations essentially increases, as
predetermines use of systems with potentially beyond all bounds productivity.
Hence, any global problem will demand obligatory application of systems
with potentially unlimited productivity. At formal representation of a global
problem in the form of a computing problem there is a question on admissible
complexity of the description of statement of a global problem. If such
description will not have the certain laws with growth of volume of the
information of a problem it will have as is wished the greater length and
it will appear excessive for the director of a problem. The conclusion from
here follows, that the description of global problems should have the structural
nature. Really, as in the description of a problem the basic volume borrows
the description of the initial information, instead of the description of
algorithm of the decision it is a question of the structured representation
of initial data. There was, that any global problem shown to a computing
problem, can be presented in the form of cellular (cellular) structure with
the regular information links set for each cell with the nearest neighbors.
Computing systems for the decision of Global Problems.
Two directions in construction of computing means are known only:
1. Creation
of machines with consecutive in time performance of operations;
2. System
engineering with parallel processing the information.
Long-term attempts of many researchers to find other ways
have appeared unsuccessful. Increase of productivity of the machine with
consecutive performance of operations depends on speed of elements of the
machine and an opportunity of reduction of time of distribution of signals
in the machine. At validity of the statement about finiteness of speed of
light there is a theoretical limit in increase of productivity of the machine
with consecutive performance of operations. It means that the first way
cannot be used for construction of computers with potentially unlimited
productivity. For overcoming this basic difficulty by the author the fundamental
concept of parallel performance of operations due to increase in number
of in parallel working elements has been offered at simultaneous decrease
in their clock frequency. It has appeared, that basic restrictions both
probably theoretically in this case are removed and practically to create
systems with as much as high efficiency. In a basis of construction of computers
with consecutive performance of operations the Model of the Calculator is
used. Parallel systems are under construction on principles of Model of
Collective of Calculators. For the first time this model has been offered
by the author in the fiftieth years of the last century for the description
mathematical and means which allow solving Global Problems
The model of the
Calculator describes consecutive algorithm of the decision of a computing
problem at a formal level. Principles of Consecutive performance of the
operations, the fixed (unchangeable) structure and Heterogeneity of elements
and communications are put in a basis of this model between them. The
model of the Calculator is investigated by A.Tjuring, S.Klini, and A.A.Markov
and, with reference to computers a background Neumann (a principle of
program management). In model of Collective of Calculators opposite principles
are used: Parallel performance of operations, Variable structure, Uniformity
of elements and communications between them. The model of Collective
of calculators is in a sense generalization of model of the Calculator:
calculators are its elements. The description of development of systems
of calculations with transition from simple forms to more complex systems
at preservation of these forms and the organization of their interaction
on new principles and reception of new qualities is in the full consent
with philosophical views on development. Use of Model of Collective of Calculators
for the decision of problems allows creating systems with theoretically
unlimited productivity, possessing the survivability, the escalating of
productivity showing minimal requirements to their realization supposing
to a simple way. The opportunity of the decision theoretically any computing
problem by means of model of the calculator is defined by algorithmic universality.
The
algorithm of the decision and the information on a problem are set by
means of some description, keeping on the special carrier with an opportunity
of its change during calculations. The structure of the calculator at
transition from a problem to a problem remains constant. In model of
collective of calculators for each problem the block diagram of the decision
is set, i.e. structural universality is realized.
Therefore use in this model
of principles of changeability and uniformity alongside with a principle
of parallelism is defining at the decision complex and over challenges.
At the decision of problems by means of model of collective of calculators
it is necessary to provide an opportunity of information interchange
between all calculators during the decision of a problem. Researches
have shown, that there are only two types of regular mass information
interchanges in systems with potentially unlimited number of elements: Transmitting
and Conveyor Exchanges. In the first type by a transferring element any
can be certain, and the others in this scheme of an exchange will be
accepting. In the second type each element is both transferring and accepting
within the limits of the limited distance between the next elements.
For management of process of calculations the effective schemes providing
management by one fixed calculator, the Moved calculator and the Collective
calculator are found in model of collective of calculators with use of
the minimal set of operations. It is possible to allocate some classes of
models of collective of calculators: the distributed computing systems,
the concentrated parallel computing systems, micro computing structures
and environments. By a prototype of the first type of systems the collective
of the calculators dispersed in extensive territory and a uniform problem
borrowed by the decision and having opportunity to use a communication
facility for information interchange can be used. Calculators are placed
on sources of the information, make local calculations and communicate
on liaison channels in conditions of strong influence of delay of signals.
For elimination of this influence it was possible to find the effective
algorithms, based overlapping of time of processing and an exchange.
The distributed computing systems allow to unite all the computing resources
dispersed in given territory, in a uniform resource and to use it for
the decision of one complex or sets of problems of smaller complexity.
This
model can be applied to construction of the computer network. In this
case, besides independent problems it will be possible to solve and weak
-coupled links. The model of the concentrated collective of calculators
describes process of calculations with an arrangement of calculators in
immediate proximity from each other. In this case it is possible to neglect
delay of messages in liaison channels. This model underlies construction
of homogeneous computing systems which are effective means for the decision
of all types of problems, including and strongly –coupled global problems.
On this basis, the computing systems consisting of ten thousand of computers
are already created, and systems with one million machines are projected.
The model of the distributed collective of calculators is the top border
of every possible models of computing means. As elements this model can
be built in and models of the distributed collective of calculators. The
repeated investment does not lead to an output from a class of the distributed
computing systems. Its elementary element can be the homogeneous system
consisting in business from one calculator. Also the bottom border of complexity
of models of collective of calculators has been certain. If to spend simplification
of the calculator up to its data to some elementary automatic device
at which use for construction of model of collective of calculators principles
of parallelism are kept, changeability, uniformity the element which
realizes the minimal full set of automatic and connecting functions with
program switching on their performance will be as a result received.
Set of such elements in the form of trellised or cellular structures has
received the name of the computing environment. Environment (computing)
is the bottom border of every possible models of computing means. On its
basis by adjustment of its elements it is possible to construct any computer.
This
model allows solving a problem of mass production of computing means
with use of technology of the continuous automated manufacturing. Originality
of the decision is concluded that here for the first time is paid attention
to a role of connections in construction of complex automatic devices
and surprising similarity to the cellular structure which has received
a wide circulation in the nature. In the developed theory of computing environments
the special section devoted to cellular computing fabrics and micro structural
modeling of automatic links in fabrics is entered. In practice with productivity
over billion operations a second.
Parallel methods of the calculations,
parallel algorithms and the languages, parallel programming computing
structures are applied to the decision of Global Problems. For application
of model of Collective of Calculators in practice there was a need for development
of essentially new mathematical means of the decision of problems. As
in the mathematician the idea of consecutive calculations there were no
ready results of which it would be possible to take advantage for parallel
calculations at that time was obviously or implicitly used. On an example
of construction of the theory of computing means with unlimited productivity
feature in the approach to the decision of this global problem was found
out. It has appeared, that at an initial stage it is impossible to involve
other researchers in statement and the decision of separate problems of
this problem
It is necessary to consider a problem as a unit and to solve
all forces of one researcher which should possess knowledge in many areas
scientific and practical activities. The author for the first time had been
developed methods of calculations, algorithms, languages and means of the
programming, received the name "parallel". In the beginning parallel
methods of calculations of problems have been developed: linear algebra,
extreme problems, the ordinary differential equations, problems of integration
and differentiation, boundary problems for linear and nonlinear systems,
problems of modeling, likelihood and statistical problems, problems of
processing of greater files of the information and many other things. Effective
parallel methods of the decision of all classes of problems of calculus
mathematics have practically been developed. For all these methods parallel
algorithms with use of parallel language on the basis of which there
were developed parallel programs have been offered. As a result of the lead
researches it is possible to specify two possible approaches to development
of parallel methods of calculations: use of existing methods with their
subsequent transformation in parallel, development of new methods in which
specificity of model of collective of calculators is considered. Potential
opportunities of development of such methods follow from features of representation
of any links in the form of set of the subtasks connected among them. Splitting
of a challenge by regular way on identical on volume of calculations
of a subtask underlies large-scale splitting (paralleling) not algorithm
that is inexpedient to do, and problem. The initial problem, which main
component is a data set, is cut on identical parts with preservation between
them information communications. Information communications between subtasks
are regular; therefore it is possible to organize parallel information
interchanges by means of transmitting and conveyor exchanges.
Paralleling
problem (its data) underlies validity of the hypothesis stated by the author,
about paralleling any challenge for its effective decision. Till now nobody
was possible to anybody to deny this hypothesis. For construction of parallel
algorithm it is necessary to consider, that paralleling it is spent for
challenges, it is not necessary to resort without need to the maximal parallelism,
process of paralleling needs to be spent from top to down, since large parts
of a problem. The main attention is given revealing of cycles and distribution
of files of the information on parallel branches. Parallel languages differ
from known languages presence of means of the description of exchange interactions.
With the purpose of finding-out of scopes of the offered classes of computing
systems problems of management by economy in scales of the country, scientific
and technical problems, problems of management of complex objects, problems
of structural modeling and designing have been investigated. As a result
of the lead researches it has been established, that the systems constructed
on the basis of model of collective of calculators, can be effectively used
everywhere and are represented necessary, and while unique, means for the
decision of Global Problems. The lead analysis of need of a society in the
decision of various classes of problems, tendencies of development of a
communication facility and the computer facilities, the forecasts which
have developed by then on evolution of a society has allowed the author
to enter the term " Informatization
of the Society ", as a following step in the description of development
by such terms as Electrification, Industrialization, Automation and others
This
term has been extended in many countries. That the decision of global problems
and universal application of computing systems, but a basis of model of
collective of calculators, gets exclusive importance during this period
is important.
Informatization of the Society.
Necessity of Informatization is caused by becoming aggravated
contradictions between limitations of natural resources both available ways
and means of satisfaction of growing needs of a society. The society requires
reception of the new information during knowledge of the world surrounding
us. In process of penetration into its depths it is required to solve more
and more challenges: applied, fundamental and global problems. Importance
of realization of computing means with continuously increasing productivity,
constructed on the basis of model of collective of calculators from here
follows. The important problem is manufacture of the information with
the purpose of creation of new high technology branches of facilities for
release of cheap production in view of individual interests of consumers.
Branches should be power-hungry, material-, labor savings. It is required
to develop the new technologies, new materials, intellectual tools for them.
It is connected with application of high-efficiency systems. A variety in
manufacture and distribution of production attracts increase of streams
of the information and volumes of calculations that leads to mass use of
means of computer facilities and communication in sphere of consumption,
i.e. the distributed computing systems. In these conditions almost all population
of the developed country passes in sphere of manufacture and consumption
of the information. The information becomes the major strategic resource
of a society, in many respects defining its opportunities and abilities
to the further development. The technical basis of reception and processing
of the information is formed with computing systems with potentially increased
productivity
The information as a product does not reduce at simultaneous
consumption by many users, simplicity and speed of delivery to significant
distances, opportunities of use of universal remedies of processing. Manufacture
and consumption form uniform process which is realized in the structures
combining means of processing and information interchange. These features
of the information allow creating the special structures named by the author
«the Distributed Enterprises, the Distributed Establishments, and the Distributed
Institutes «depending on their purpose. They are easily realized on the
basis of the distributed computing systems. It is possible to assume, that
at information of a society such systems can be united in the uniform distributed
computing system which will capture all kinds of human activity, including
and formation.
Education systems.
In 60th years of the last century at research of an opportunity of construction
of the automatic device with unlimited productivity the author has come
to conclusion, that for the decision very much challenges, it is necessary
to have a profound knowledge in many areas of a science and techniques,
philosophy, the literature, grammar, history, art, painting, economy, etc.
Therefore the education system should be aimed at fundamental preparation
of experts in many areas, instead of be limited to fundamental studying
of narrow branch of knowledge. The confidence of necessity of such preparation
still has more got stronger in 90th years of the last century when to the
author it was necessary to borrow along with many outstanding scientists
formation of the International Academy of Informatization (IIA). It is the
unique academy of sciences which has received at that time the General Consultative
state with economic and social Advice of the United Nations. Those years
the General Secretary of the United Nations and Academy (IIA) had been formed
under direction of the author the Joint Commission by Formation where assistants
to the Secretary General of the United Nations - Joseph V. Reed have entered,
Ji. Chaozhu. This Commission has developed offers and recommendations for
introduction of system of preparation and two-level certification of scientific
all countries of the world according to the Declaration of Human rights
on the Formation, the accepted United Nations. The offered system of certification
of experts of the top skills for the decision of global problems has been
patented, and initial substantive provisions of this system have been stated
in the several clauses published in the international magazine of Switzerland
«the Geneva News «in 1996-1997. Materials about structure of this education
system for experts of the top skills have found reflection in publications
of the official governmental newspaper «Moniteur belge «in 1999-2002
Global System of Education.
Now has this education system is in an initial phase of the development.
Since 1999 for 2004 in it have had training preparation and certification
over 1900 doctors and grandee of doctors of philosophy. Some universities
and branches of universities in many countries of the world are created
on a nongovernmental basis. This system is named by Global System of
Education unlike existing education systems in East and the Western Europe
, America . Here the word "global" specifies the purposes of this
education system: to prepare for experts of the top skills for the decision
of global problems. At the same time this name reflects also other party:
an opportunity of its use as some reference estimation of an educational
level for any country of the world according to the Declaration of the
United Nations on Human rights on Formation. Its diplomas also can be used
as a basis at an estimation of diplomas and certificates of the various
countries with the purpose of definition of their equivalence. In this case
it is not necessary to establish equivalence of diplomas and certificates
of each country with everyone, which would lead to greater expenses. Here
will enough define equivalence of a global education system and each of
the countries of the world that is reduced to construction no more than
200 standards on number of the countries. The global education system (GSE)
is conceived as system which does not enter any contradictions with existing
education systems: the USA , European, Russian, etc. GSE has no crossings
with them.
The GSE is the world nongovernmental system. It does not enter
any conflicts to educational associations. The GSE is guided, first of
all, by attraction in its orbit of outstanding persons of the world in
sphere of a science, formation, culture, art. Each outstanding person
has the right to participate and even to create the nominal educational
structures in The GSE Imperatives - the person, family, an information society
(civil). In The GSE
the scheme of preparation of experts under the scheme "From above-downwards" is
accepted. In the beginning conditions for search of the outstanding persons
participated in the decision of global problems are created. Then preparation
Grand of Doctors of Philosophy, then Doctors of Philosophy is carried
out with their help, at last, MS, etc. it is natural, that any independent
system should be full and contain a full set of the structural elements
coordinated with each other. The main structural element The GSE is the
International (European) Academy of sciences.
The international Academy of sciences (IAS or EAS) is formed
of outstanding persons of the world community with representation one academician
from one million inhabitants of the country. Each representative is put
forward by the scientific organizations of the country (national Academies
of sciences, Universities, other organizations, scientific and educational),
and then selected the Senate of Academy for lifelong term. Material maintenance
of activity of this representative is carried out due to the organizations
which have offered this nominee. The purpose of Academy is discussion
and selection of global problems which decision represents the greatest
importance for mankind. The academy participates in construction of educational
structures and formation of programs for preparation of experts for the
decision of global problems.
Preparation of Grand Doctors and Doctors of
Philosophy is carried out by the
World Information Distributed University (WIDU) which and actually
is distributed and consists of independent national universities and
branches with names: WIDU - Russia, WIDU - Germany, WIDU - Spain, WIDU
- Canada, etc. the Scientific degree of Grand Doctor of Philosophy can
be awarded to the Doctor of Philosophy who is taken part the decision
of a global problem, 100 scientific works having more, 3 and more pornographies
and 10-20 doctors of philosophy taken part preparation. The need of a
society for Grand Doctors of Philosophy can be estimated parity: one Grand
doctor of philosophy on 10 thousand people and one Doctor of philosophy
on 1 thousand people.
In comparison with the most known and well proved
universities of world WIDU has a number of advantages: 1. Any University
does not prepare and has no opportunity to prepare Grand Doctors of
Philosophy. 2. WIDU has the distributed structure. Branches WIDU in the
form of universities, academies, institutes, centers of science are already
created in many countries. Process of their organization proceeds as
on territorial and functional levels. 3. Preparation of experts can be
spent in the most various forms: from auditorium employment, before independent
preparation, individual training in-home with attraction of highly skilled
professors (Grand Doctors of Philosophy) is supposed also as agreed.
The big attention is given to remote training. Important difference WIDU
is granting an opportunity to be engaged and defend the dissertation
on the native language 4. The leading role in preparation of the future
highly skilled experts is played by professorial structure of University.
In WIDU the defining role belongs to the professors having a degree of
Grand Doctor of Philosophy. 5. More perfect credit system in comparison
with known Universities operates. 6. The full credit for training for
very long term can be given.
The credit is given by the Board of guardians
of University. For preparation of the doctor of philosophy 120 credits
(3 credits correspond to one subject) grandee of the doctor of philosophy
- 100 credits, professors - 100 credits are established. In addition
by the Senate of University 6 credits from 10 on organizational expenses
can be represented. At selection of candidates for training in doctoral
studies the professorial structure of University is guided by the experts
having wide experience in the decision of economic, organizational and
scientific problems, i.e. the experts potentially prepared for the decision
of global problems for construction of an information society. At the
same time the significant place for preparation of young experts with
their attraction to participation in work above projects in interests
of the European Commission and the Transnational Companies is allocated.
The first doctorates WIDU, as a rule, had already national degrees corresponding
a level of the doctor of philosophy. By preparation on a degree of the
doctor of philosophy they studied a number of new disciplines which are
included into the program of training of the expert for the decision
of global problems. To everyone doctorate from the moment of transfer
in WIDU the doctor's committee from 5-9 Grand doctors of philosophy was
appointed, and 2 or 3 from them were representatives of committee from
other countries.
After studying a complex of disciplines and representation
of the dissertation in the form of the monograph doctorate passed public
protection with use of means the Internet, come to the end solemn ceremony
of delivery of the diploma of the doctor of philosophy on one of sessions
of conference of professors WIDU. Now requirements to protection on a
degree of the doctor of philosophy have essentially increased. The Science
Is required publishing necessarily the basic results in editions WIDU
in the form of monograph and clauses in magazine "Science. Formation. Culture ". For representation
of doctors of philosophy and Grand doctors of philosophy to the world community
is entered the International Electronic Register. In the register brief
data on doctors and Grand doctors of philosophy and scientific biographies
are located. For registration of each new doctor or grandee of the doctor
of philosophy are used four documents: the application, the application
for credits, the scientific biography, the decision of doctor's committee
on award of a degree. All other materials connected with protection of the
dissertation, remain in archives of universities and the branches which
are a part the WIDU. Especially favorable factor by preparation of doctors
and grand doctors of philosophy became introduction of the credit which
has received the name "intellectual". If over the best universities
of the world are dominated by monetary credit system in which calculation
is made by a payment of money to university in case of the intellectual
credit the university actually never receives a material payment. The
doctor or Grand doctor of philosophy returns the credit to a society
by means of publications of monographs, clauses, participation in work of
doctor's committees on public principles, etc.
This most creates such conditions
at which any presented person can have an opportunity to have training preparation
at university practically free of charge. Presence of credits allows becoming
in one number with the best universities of the world which on the first
place has a cost of training in monetary credits. In a society of doctors
and grandee of doctors of philosophy on global problems allows passing 10
presences to preparation of experts with higher education in the field of
global problems.
The World Distributed University (WDU) just also intends for preparation
M. S. (the master of Sciences on global problems. This university also has
the distributed structure. National WDU join as branches in the World Distributed
University .
The international Association of Universities and Higher educational
Institutions
Greater opportunities for participation of existing Universities in preparation
M. S., Ph. D., Grand Ph. D. (the master of Sciences the doctor of philosophy
and Grand doctor of philosophy) open in connection with creation and functioning
of the International (European) Association of Universities and Higher educational
Institutions (EAUHS). This Association has for an object to unite universities
and other scientific institutes, wishing to join the program of preparation
of experts in the field of global problems. While it is unique Association
which can allocate with powers and spend accreditation of Universities with
the right of preparation of doctors and Grand doctors of philosophy in the
field of global problems
The international Association of the High Certifying commissions and
Committees
Within the limits of GES is created Association of the High Certifying
commissions and Committees In this association not state committees and
the commissions though inclusion in its structure of the State Committees
and the Commissions is supposed enter. The international Universities
of Global Problems. For preparation PhD and Grand PhD It is necessary to
change representation about type of educational structure and bases of its
functioning. The standard form of structure for preparation of experts with
higher education (M.S.) and experts for the decision of applied and fundamental
problems (PhD.) the University is. Many modern universities are huge organizations.
They consist of various schools, colleges, institutes, faculties, the
centers. In them study tens thousand students and doctorates. Universities
prepare for experts in the most various fields of knowledge and spend for
their preparation down to several billion dollars a year. Value of such
universities for preparation of the experts aimed at the decision applied
and partly of fundamental problems is difficult for overestimating. Quite
probably, those universities can incur preparation and experts for the decision
of Global Problems. But while universities continue to let out experts for
the decision of private problems In these conditions the author had been
offered new under the form and the maintenance new type of educational
structure "International University of
Global Problems".
In a basis of construction of University of Global Problems is the concept
of «the Distributed Enterprise or Distributed Establishment « The distributed
enterprise represents set of the workplaces distributed in space, and connected
among themselves means of information interchange. The Workplace represents
computer system for processing, storages and an exchange of the information
adapted for needs of the individual user (person) and is its personal property.
The system of information interchange is the general property of users or
the property of any owner or joint-stock company. As such system of information
interchange the computer network, type the Internet, adapted for realization
of individual exchanges or the distributed computing system effectively
realizing both group exchanges, and individual can be used. In process of
perfection of the "know-how" of computing means and means of information
interchange workplaces can pass from stationary devices to mobile individual
to means. With reference to University of Global Problems the workplaces
located in all territory of a planet, can be used both professors, and students.
The theory of the Distributed Enterprise has been published by the author
per 1979-1980 and based on works in the field of the computing systems of
high efficiency executed during with 1954 -1966 of year.
The important feature of University of Global Problems is the approach
to selection of students and professors at realization of the scheme of
training "From above-downwards": i.e. all over again prepare grandee
of the doctor of philosophy (Grand PhD.), then doctors of philosophy (PhD.)
and, at last, experts with higher education (M.S.) . It is natural, that
at such approach in University the mature experts having experience of independent
perfection in the decision of challenges come, first of all, compulsions
not requiring methods and necessities for many directions widely to lean
on auditorium work. They require consultations, in estimations of the researches
by such experts - professors who already participated in the decision of
Global Problems and have fundamental formation in many fields of knowledge.
At University of Global Problems at use of model of the Distributed Enterprise
easily solves a question with creation of scientific, art library. Opportunities
of such libraries essentially extend in comparison with usual libraries.
Alongside with books, magazines, and newspapers such libraries contain films,
art pictures, exhibitions, concerts, operas, quizzes, etc. Easily solve
questions of the edition of proceedings, monographs in an electronic kind
with opportunities of rather simple transition to usual kinds of a printed
matter. If to distract from necessity of physical presence for an audience
at the Distributed University there are all opportunities for the organization
typical auditorium, with that only a difference, that listeners and professors
remain with the workplaces disseminated on all globe. What problems remain
not solved? Only when it is required, that the listener of University participated
in physical influence on object directly and received response also directly.
It is quite obvious, that by preparation of doctors of philosophy and Grand
doctors of philosophy is not present necessity for participation of listeners
for such experiment.
As preparation of students on degree M.S it is considered within the limits
of after high school formation and in this case there is no need to include
in the program of preparation experiments with direct influence on object.
Certainly behind local universities there is a number of advantages which
play the important role in human life. It, first of all, joint residing
of students for many years in territory of campus. During study at university
the friendly communications kept the next years are established. Students
accept active participation in sports meets; participate in various programs
of culture, art and entertainments. In view of features of functioning of
University of Global Problems , this very useful part of education of human
qualities can be kept in the form of carrying out of short-term meetings
at carrying out of seminars, conferences, schools, ceremonial meetings of
associations of universities, etc. Use of model of the Distributed Enterprise
is quite possible and it is useful in conditions of traditional universities.
However in case of construction on its basis of university of Global Problems
the maximal effect in preparation of experts of the top skills with award
of a degree of the doctor of philosophy by it and Grand doctor of philosophy
is reached. Unlike usual universities at University of Global Problems preparation
of experts of the Global Problems aimed at the decision is spent. For this
purpose the professorial structure of University is completed Grand doctors
of philosophy, the professors having experience in the decision of Global
Problems. The rector (president) of University can be an outstanding scientist
who has saved up wide experience in the decision of Global Problems
Scientists of such level during the certain period of a life already have
saved up fundamental knowledge in many areas of human activity, including
natural, technical, humanitarian knowledge. They possess experience of preparation
of doctors of philosophy for the decision of Global Problems. The most important,
for many of them their purpose in a life became the decision of a concrete
Global Problem in this or that area of ability to live of mankind. Thus,
the University of Global Problems is aimed at the decision certain Global
Problems, headed by scientists who try to solve this problem, is completed
with Grand doctors of philosophy, professors who divide sights of the rector
at a problem and to some extent are its pupils. The University of such Type
is to a certain extent university of the person, instead of university of
collective of persons with various directions and the purposes as it takes
place at modern universities. Having the purpose of the decision of a concrete
global problem, the professorial structure of University of Global Problems
develops the educational activity directed on preparation of doctors of
philosophy and grandee of doctors of philosophy with deep fundamental formation
in many branches of knowledge in a combination to their simultaneous involving
in process of the decision of a concrete global problem. The University
of Global Problems to a certain extent on the essence reminds Platon's academy,
certainly in view of modern technologies and the problems facing to a society
at the present stage. In structure and ideologies of University of Global
Problems are incorporated many useful components which presence allows to
hope for reception of fundamental results at the decision of Global Problems.
First of all, the most important is orientation to attraction as heads
of universities of outstanding scientists, formations, cultures and the
religions, having fundamental formation in many fields of knowledge and
possessing experience of the decision of global problems. Important use
of the approach to preparation of experts of the top skills under the scheme "From
above-downwards" is represented. The Great value is played with orientation
to use of model of the Distributed Enterprise (establishment) constructed
on principles of system of distributed processing of the information: uniformity
of structural elements and structural communications, changeability of structure,
parallelism of an exchange and processing of the information. Universities
of Global Problems at all are not opposed with modern universities which
play, and will play the important role in preparation of experts for decisions
of applied and fundamental problems. Universities of Global Problems are
the structures focused on the decision of Global Problems, on the orientation
they are not crossed with usual universities and do not enter any contradictions
with them and with all existing education system. This parallel, narrowly
directed education system which, certainly, can enter contacts to other
education systems on a mutually advantageous basis.
Use of model of University of Global Problems in an education system allows
to receive essential economic benefit. At usual universities the known share
of expenses is made with constant expenses for use of buildings and constructions
for realization of educational process. For University of Global Problems
this clause of charges disappears, as the University represents set of the
homogeneous workplaces established in places of residing of students and
professors. Workplaces thus are, as a rule, their personal property besides
all the working costs connected with use of a telecommunication network,
concern to the user of workplaces. Manufacturing of all primary documents,
from organizational before scientific works, is carried out on workplaces.
The documentation made at University of Global Problems , becomes the electronic
documentation (with opportunities its transformations to the usual documentation
on workplaces according to wishes of users).
From the resulted brief features of construction of University of Global
Problems it is visible, that cost of the basic means basically is defined
by cost of workplaces of professorial structure and employees of university,
the number of the last is essential less in comparison with usual universities.
This most reaches significant effect in decrease in expenses on capital
and working costs. Expenses for a payment of employees and workers of university
are reduced also. The opportunity of manufacturing of electronic documents
(primary) on workplaces forces of professors and listeners leads to reduction
of the technicians borrowed by usual writing work. There Is only highly
skilled personnel owning modern computer technologies, for transformation
of the primary electronic documentation to the systematized documentation
in the form of the scientific, methodical and directory documentation of
University of Global Problems .
As is known, the system of the distributed processing of the information,
alongside with essential economic benefit, gives sharp increase of productivity
with opportunities of its escalating to means of addition of workplaces.
In case of University of Global Problems it is necessary to expect sharp
increase of productivity (efficiency) not only due to an opportunity of
escalating of number of workplaces, but mainly due to a high scientific
level of the professorial structure having fundamental preparation in many
branches of knowledge and saved up experience in the decision of Global
Problems. The distributed structure of University allows involving for preparation
of experts of the top skills of a class any outstanding person, wished to
participate in educational process irrespective of where its workplace is
in territory of our planet. University of Global Problems as the distributed
system possesses properties of survivability. In it the separate professorial
workplaces, separate student's workplaces can temporarily be disconnected,
and the University will continue to function and provide an opportunity
of performance of criterion function, can be at smaller productivity during
some period of time. The University of Global Problems is one of the major
elements of the Global Education system, the purposes and which problems
are reflected in the Declaration of the Global Education system.
The world Declaration
1. The mankind creates an information society with its main product - the
information. The information most useful to mankind turns out as a result
of the decision of Global Problems.
2. Global problems began to be solved the United Nations Organization in
key directions of ability to live of the Person and the Society. Such problems
as Human rights, National and Global safety, and steady development of the
countries, ecology, and an inhabitancy, activity of the national and transnational
organizations are Global. The system engineering, connected with natural
resources, transport, energy, and communication and computer science is
accompanied by the decision of Global problems. Global problems became a
subject of scientific researches by search of new systems of energy, communication
and computer science. Research of the nature, creation adaptive, itself
generating systems and systems of unlimited productivity are Global problems.
As a result of their decision the further direction of a life of the World
community is to a certain extent defined.
3. For the decision of Global problems it is necessary, that the expert
had fundamental preparation in many areas of a science, technique, humanitarian
disciplines in a complex. It is impossible to admit, that the expert has
been limited by fundamental preparation in a narrow scientific field of
knowledge. For the decision of Global problems process of preparation of
experts of a highest level should consist of two steps of formation.
The first step: the opportunity to have training fundamental preparation
in one concerning a narrow field of knowledge with award of a degree of
the doctor of philosophy (Ph. D.) is given to the Expert. The second step:
- to the doctor of philosophy the opportunity to receive fundamental preparation
in many fields of knowledge with award of a degree Grand doctor of philosophy
(Grand Ph. D.) is given to the Expert The dissertation of Grand doctor of
philosophy is extensive and in-depth study with the original approach to
the decision of the Global problem having the major value for the world
community. The degree of Grand doctor of philosophy can be awarded to the
doctor of philosophy having more of 100 scientific works, three and more
monographs, and 10-20 doctors of philosophy taken part preparation.
4. The European Academy of Information (AEI), created under the royal Decree
in Belgium , has suggested creating the Global Education system –the GES
preparation of experts and experts of the top skills for the decision of
Global problems. The GES is the world nongovernmental charitable organization.
The GES it is conceived as system which does not enter any contradictions
with existing educational systems. The GES gives great value to work on
attraction to educational activity of outstanding persons of a society which
can solve global problems. |
